The Parisian club has now won the season-opening trophy on 14 separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic leveler followed by a successful penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown featuring the French league champions and the Coupe de France winners after the French winger opened the net in the opening stages.
However, the southern French side struck twice in the closing moments to take a shock lead. First, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before the defender unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a crucial leveler in the final seconds to send the match into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Lucas Chevalier then stood as the key figure, saving decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, the midfielder, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing shootout victory.
The record winners Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the past thirteen seasons.
